SWSD 2024

#0476 | Social worker intervention for urgent care hospitalization for elderly individuals living alone.– reconstruct relationship with estranged relatives become a key person. –

Taro Baba ¹ ; George Tokugawa ² ; Tomomi Suzuki ³ ; Natsuki Nishimura ³ ; Yukako Numata ³ ; Reiko Shibata ³ ; Yutaka Ozaki ³

1 - Juntendo university Nerima Hospital. 2 - Department of Neurosurgery Juntendo University Nerima Hospital. 3 - Juntendo University Nerima Hospital.

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Summary

(introduction) Japan is one of the most superaging countries in the world, and the number of elderly individuals living alone (EILA) is increasing. EILA tend to have an issue regarding a guarantor (required to be appointed at the time of hospital admission)　especially on urgent care admission. During in-processing for hospital admission, staff attempt to identify and contact estranged relatives, who then become key persons (KPs), to prepare for the patient’s life after discharge. We attempted to establish a significance of social worker to facilitate the participation of estranged KP in the elderly individual’s support and maintain a mutual relationship after the patient’s discharge from the hospital. (Method) We validated two cases of estranged relatives who became KPs when EILA were hospitalized for urgent care. We retrospectively analyzed consultation records of interactions between social workers (SWs) and KPs to clarify desirable supports for relatives of EILA. (Results) The following 4 points were observed in common in 2 cases; (1) the SW had to spend longer time with KP; (2) the number of hospitalization days increased significantly compared to the average length of hospital stay; (3) estranged relatives felt confusion and difficulty when they were asked to be a KP to make decisions regarding patient’s treatments or life after discharge even though they had been distant each other; (4) neighbors had noticed some abnormalities with the patients prior to hospitalization.(Conclusions) SWs intervened to enable KPs to recognize "meaning" and "value" in their support. SWs may be able to "reconstruct" the relationship between KPs and patients by adopting a narrative approach based on social constructivism with an emphasis on interviewing in-person with KPs. SWs can contribute to the well-being between society and individual life by using their expertise and knowledge in their respective countries and regions.

Keywords (separate with commas)

Social work practice,Reconstruct relationship,Social constructivism.

#0518 | Enhancing services of LGBTQIAP+ Affirming Clinicians on College Campuses: Confronting Challenges and Strengthening Supports

Nicole Forrisi ¹ ; Meredith Powers ²

1 - UNC Greensboro and North Carolina A&T. 2 - UNC Greensboro.

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#0796 | Comparative Overview of Immigrant Experiences Under the Biden and Trump Administrations

Abha Rai ¹ ; Mary Held ² ; Ishita Kapur ³ ; Emmalee Osborne ⁴

1 - Loyola University Chicago. 2 - The University of Tennessee Knoxville-Nashville campus. 3 - The University of Tennessee Knoxville. 4 - Loyola university chicago.

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Summary

\ \ SummaryImmigrants constitute 15% of the U.S. population. Immigrant experiences are influenced by a multitude of factors, including federal policies, which shift with changing administrations. Yet, little is known about the comparative experiences of immigrants under the two most recent presidents, both of whom maintained a heavy focus on immigration. The study we present is the first one to make this comparison. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 1st\ and 2nd\ generation immigrants under both the Trump (n=490) and Biden (n=306) administrations. Sampling for each survey included non-probability quota and convenience techniques. Survey questions inquired about immigration-policy stress, discrimination, resilience and border stress. For\ policy-related\ stress, race/ethnicity significantly correlated with policy-related stress under Trump, with White participants having lower scores compared to Black. Women were also found to have less policy-related stress under Trump. For\ discrimination, White participants reported less perceived discrimination compared to Black/African American participants. Women reported lower perceived discrimination compared to men under both Trump and Biden though race/ethnicity was not significant under Biden. In terms of\ resilience,\ White participants had higher scores compared to Black/African American participants, though race/ethnicity was not significant under Biden. Finally,\ border stress\ was lower among women than men under both Trump and Biden. For race/ethnicity, White participants had lower border stress than Black/African American participants under Trump. Findings expand upon previous literature that highlights stress associated with exclusionary immigration policies, which were more prevalent under the Trump administration. Social workers should engage in policy advocacy to reduce the burden placed on immigrants of color in exclusionary policy contexts. They can influence positive attitudes among Americans to allow for more social harmony and acceptance of immigrants in the U.S. To support immigrant integration, the study team intends to develop an awareness intervention for social workers engaging with immigrants.

Keywords (separate with commas)

immigrants, policy, exclusionary, social workers\

#0990 | HEALTH POLICY FOR HIV AND AIDS IN BRAZIL: Confronting neoliberal and conservative positions

Ana Cristina Vieira ¹ ; Raquel Soares ¹ ; Evandro Barbosa Filho ² ; Taciana Maria Silva ³

1 - Federal University of Pernambuco. 2 - State University of Western Paraná. 3 - Pernambuco Cancer Hospital.

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Summary

Brazil has a public health system with universal access, free of charge, which articulates the federal, state and municipal levels of health, with a guarantee of comprehensiveness – both primary care actions and high complexity – the Unified Health System (SUS). People with HIV and AIDS have access to testing, follow-up, antiretrovirals through the public network. The HIV epidemic is currently growing among black people (60.9%), young gay men and transgender people (45.9% increase in cases in the 15-19 age group) and those with less schooling (up to 9 years). People with HIV and AIDS suffer discrimination, have difficulties accessing formal jobs, in a country of great inequalities – the 11th most unequal in the world. In the last six years, under right-wing governments, neoliberal austerity measures have led to large cuts in health system resources, impacting existing services. In addition, neoconservative positions hampered the development of preventive actions that discuss issues of sexuality, considered exclusively within the family scope, with setbacks in sexual and reproductive rights. A new government began in 2023, in a center-left coalition that needs to face the setbacks related to neoconservatism and, mainly, guarantee funding for the SUS, developing prevention and monitoring actions for people infected with HIV, in order to reach the goal of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to end AIDS by 2030 - ensure 95% of people living with HIV know their HIV status; 95% of people who know their HIV status are receiving antiretroviral therapy; and 95% of people on treatment have a suppressed viral load. Among the first measures taken by the new government are the recreation of the Department of HIV/AIDS in the Ministry of Health, the repeal of conservative measures that made it difficult to discuss sexual rights, the guarantee of resources for health, pointing to better possibilities.

Keywords (separate with commas)

HIV/AIDS, health policy, neoliberal and neoconservative government.\

#1176 | WORKERS' HEALTH, (IN)ABILITY TO WORK AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Evelyn Carneiro ¹ ; Dolores Sanches Wunsch ²

1 - Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social. 2 - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Summary

This study addresses the issues of workers' health and inability to work. The focus of the study is the Social Security policy, through the National Social Security Institute (INSS) Professional Rehabilitation service, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. The theoretical construction is based on historical and dialectical materialism. The methodology was developed through bibliographic, documentary, and field research. The documentary research scope consisted of 294 subjects who entered Professional Rehabilitation and were rehabilitated between 2015 and 2019. The field research had a 4 workers sample (3 men and 1 woman), drawn from the research scope. Based on the data collected and the bibliographic research, it is indicated the concept of health in the capitalist means of production and the concept of workers' health. Contradictions regarding the inability to work are presented through the broader concept of the health-disease process. The documentary research showed that of the 294 workers assisted: 54.8% were male and 45.2% female; 50% were linked to the manufacturing industry, and 49% had as the main reason for work leave the incapacity caused by musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases. To render this analysis, we present the interviewees' perceptions, which emerged from the field research, of the meaning of health, ability, and inability. It is concluded it is essential to understand the historical totality in the health-disease process, inability, and possibilities of return to work. We also concluded Social Security is a core foundation of social protection and that the occupational space of social workers in this policy is a vital professional field for workers' health defense.

Keywords (separate with commas)

Professional Rehabilitation; Social Security; Worker’s Health; (In)ability to work.

#0474 | Migratin Mothers from children with disabilities in Germany. The role of the local infrastructur and from virtual communities of care.

Bárbara Zimmermann ¹

1 - Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst (HAWK) - College for applied sciences and arts in Holzminden, Germany.

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Summary

Motherhood in the context of migration and with a child with disability has been rarely researched. How do mothers of children with disabilities organize their everyday lives when they are migrants, often do not speak the spoken language of the new country and are not familiar with the local support system due to their socialization in other countries? Do they have access to social assistance and know how to reach it? Can digital communication, through its fluid, informal and accessible character, be a support and the space of protagonism for migrant mothers? Or up to where does digitality no longer reach? What role do local infrastructures play in their routines and to which services can they access? This is what I am dealing with in my dissertation and will present in my poster presentation.As a migrant and mother of a child with disabilities, I am an activist in the social movement of parents with disabled children in Germany. My path from practice to research allows field access to a group that is usually not publicly visible. At the same time, this requires methodological and methodological openness and reflexivity in and after the empirical phase through the feedback of what I see in the field. The research was intended to be highly participatory, which became difficult to implement given the heavy burden on mothers. As a solution to this, individual interviews were conducted in the first empirical phase, and asynchronous online focus groups with a second group of migrant women will be implemented in the next step. In my poster I will present partial results from my emperical research and show important dynamics in the realities from my sampling.

Keywords (separate with commas)

child with disability, motherhood, migrant mother, migration, disability, critical disability studies, care studies, gender studies, social justice, interculturality, Germany, care work, social work

#0602 | A Critical Feminist Policy Evaluation of Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Programs

Jocelyn Hermoso ¹

1 - San Francisco State University.

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Summary

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 was enacted in 2000 to promote a gender perspective to peacemaking. Various efforts to appraise women, peace, and security (WPS) programs have focused heavily on evaluating the ways in which these WPS programs increase women’s representation and participation in official peacemaking and peacekeeping efforts. What seems to be missing in on-going efforts to evaluate WPS programs is the posing of critical questions about the root causes of conflict. Few studies, if any, analyze how forms of structural oppression, patriarchy, misogyny, and militarized masculinity lead to violence and armed conflict.This presentation focuses on a re-tooled policy analysis framework for WPS policies and programs incorporating an intersectional and critical feminist perspective (Hermoso & Luca Sugawara, 2016). This intersectional and critical feminist policy analysis model of WPS programs explicitly connects peacebuilding with efforts to achieve gender justice. Kirk and Okazawa-Rey (2013, 2019) define intersectional feminism as a philosophy of liberation from gender oppression and gender-based discrimination informed by an awareness of the inter-relatedness of different systems of oppression. Evaluating WPS policies and programs from the prism of critical and intersectional feminism allows for a more multi-dimensional analysis of violence and conflict.Building on Razon-Abad and Miller’s (1997) policy evaluation model, this critical and intersectional feminist policy evaluation framework defines policy success in terms of three elements: policy gains, civil society gains, and democracy gains. Policy gains are evaluated in terms of WPS programs’ efforts in realizing gender justice. Civil society gains manifest in stronger peace constituencies with meaningful participation of women and femmes civil society organizations, and gender justice in the public and private spheres. Democracy gains mean broadening of political space for women, femmes, transgender, and non-binary communities to participate in public life. Implications for connecting gender justice to current peacebuilding programs will be explored.

Keywords (separate with commas)

critical feminism, intersectional feminism, peacebuilding, gender justice, policy evaluation

#1198 | A gendered perspective on the access to services of Ukrainian refugees in Romania

Florin Lazar ¹ ;

Smaranda Witec ¹ ; Darie Cristea ¹ ; Laura Grunberg ¹

1 - University of Bucharest, Faculty of Sociology and Social Work.

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Summary

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24th 2022, led to a massive disruption in the lives of Ukrainian people who decided to flee the country. It is estimated that more than 17 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, while over 6 million Ukrainian refugees are recorded globally. Romania received more than 3 million Ukrainian refugees (more than 140,000 registering for assistance), majority women and childrenThe research was carried out by the Association of Schools of Social Work from Romania in the period October-December 2022 in the framework of the program developed by CARE International and Sera Foundation. It comprised 20 focus groups (n=141, out of which 76 women, 26 adolescent girls and 21 adolescent boys, 12 men, 6 Roma men), interviews with ten humanitarian aid experts and seven life stories. Data revealed a series of gender relevant aspects concerning (i) the institutional governmental and nongovernmental mechanism put in place in support for refugees and, on the other hand, (ii) the perception of the refugees themselves about their needs, problems and support received.Romania, with limited prior experience in the area of humanitarian assistance, struggled with the flow of refugees and confronted with shortage of human and financial resources succeeded in putting into action a support strategy that is highly appreciated by the beneficiaries. Ukrainian refugees mainly appreciate the housing programme, the efforts for food and clothes supply provided by the Government and local and international organizations, the safe general social environment and the kindness of Romanians in general. The study showed that there is a need to strengthen gender mainstreaming of the whole response and\ a need to improve services and assistance in terms of gender-sensitivity - services for women and girls, youth, and children, including GBV services.

Keywords (separate with commas)

refugees, Ukraine, gender, access to services, Romania

#1257 | Applying a Trauma-Informed Policy Analysis Framework to Programs Addressing Gender-based Violence

Sonia Melara ¹ ;

Jocelyn Hermoso ¹

1 - San Francisco State University.

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Summary

Gender and sexualized violence are global public health issues. The World Health Organization (2018) estimates that 736 million women (or one in seven) experience sexual intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, or both, at least once in their lives. Gender-based violence disproportionately affects poor and low-income women (UN Women, n.d.). According to the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (2020), seven out of ten trafficking victims are women and girls. Less than forty percent of women who experience gender-based violence seek out help (United Nations Economic and Social Affairs, 2015).\ \ \ At least 158 countries have enacted laws addressing domestic violence (UN Women, n.d.). While the enactment of such policies and measures is an important step, among many, to end sexual and gender-based violence, it is also equally important to evaluate the efficacy of these policies and programs in achieving this goal.\ \ \ Building on the work of Murshid and Bowen (2018), this paper will present a trauma-informed policy analysis framework for evaluating sexual and gender-based policies and programs. A trauma-informed perspective recognizes the trauma histories and experiences of individuals and communities and how these impact on current challenges they experience. Fallot and Harris (2006) cite the basic principles of trauma-informed practice including safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, empowerment, and intersectionality.\ This paper will present an appraisal of existing gender-based violence policies and programs and the extent to which they uphold these six principles. Trauma-informed policies contextualize responses to gender-based violence to the localities of survivors/victims and foster collaborative social action.\ \ \

Keywords (separate with commas)

gender-based violence, trauma-informed, policy analysis, violence against women

#0194 | HIV Stress Exchange: Queer men, intergenerational stress, and intimacy amidst the time of HIV

Tyler Arguello ¹

1 - California State University, Sacramento.

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Summary

Background: HIV remains a principal inequity for queer men across the U.S. Artificially, gay men are divided in pre/post AIDS cohorts. Medical advances have cultivated a confusing discourse: on one hand, HIV is a “chronic condition”, which occludes psychosocial context; parallel, multiple technologies exist to “not get” HIV, which over individualizes responsibility and belies inequities. Still, HIV-related stress persists amongst queer men, and regarding HIV as discourse has not been well-represented in prevention and care.Methods: This empirical study seeks to build an HIV-informed model of theory and practice, entitled HIV Stress Exchange. A Queer Discourse Study was conducted on 20 in-depth interviews with younger and elder gay/queer men of all HIV statuses. Parallel, a Social Semiotic Analysis was conducted on 123 material resources (e.g., photos) collected from the men.Results: In all, this data gave voice to the ways HIV is given life in discourse and what meanings it holds in embodied identities, lives, and relationships. Five themes materialized across the interviews and material resources: HIV as “in-/validated”, “un-/voiced”, “un-/intelligible”, holding “intimacy/-ies”, and being “PrEP/-ared”.Conclusion: Based on the findings, the conceptual model for HIV Stress Exchange is presented along with an HIV-informed model for LGBTQ+-affirmative practice. These results provide context for what it means to live long-term under this age of HIV, whether or not infected -- and contributes a social theory for the intergenerational transmission of HIV as social discourse, as these most often unvoiced experiences of living long-term are unintelligible but find traction in everyday communication.

Keywords (separate with commas)

HIV, AIDS, Queer, gay, men who have sex with men, trauma, intergenerational stress, communication

#0622 | Violence against goy youths in a poor town in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Douglas de Souza ¹ ;

João Goís ¹

1 - Universidade Federal Fluminense.

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#0717 | Strengthening Social Work Skills and Competency through Exposure to Diversity

Robin Gearing ¹ ;

Micki Washburn ² ;

Shahnaz Savani ³ ; Caitlyn Mytelka ¹ ; Christian Carr ¹ ; Andrew Robinson ¹ ; Danny Clark ¹ ; Susan Robbins ¹

1 - University of Houston. 2 - University of Texas at Arlington. 3 - University of Houston/Downtown.

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Summary

The experiences, values, and identities of social work students all have an impact on their ability to competently provide services to diverse client populations. Thus, the opportunity to participate in learning experiences that facilitate the development of skills to collaborate with and empower vulnerable populations is essential to the process of competency-based social work education. Providing vulnerable populations with judgment-free accessible services focused on self-determination is a critical component of competent social work practice. This is particularly true when working with groups who have historically been marginalized due to their ethnicity, race, place of origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, immigration status, or experience of mental illness. We will present on a cross sectional online survey design was employed to explore if student demographic characteristics, prior international travel experience, or participation in a structured learning abroad program were associated with levels of Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)-defined social work practice competencies, racial attitudes, or attitudes toward individuals experiencing mental health concerns. A culturally diverse sample of 114 MSW students at a large, southern public urban university in the United States completed the survey. Results indicate that multilingual students and students with prior international travel experience self-reported lower levels of policy skill development and lower overall competency development. In addition, age and race were associated with students’ attitudes towards those experiencing mental health concerns, with younger and/or White students reporting more positive attitudes and lower stigma toward those with mental health concerns. No association was found between student demographic characteristics, learning abroad participation, prior international travel and racial attitudes. Implications for social work education, practice, and research are offered.\

Keywords (separate with commas)

learning abroad, social work education, diversity, gender, mental health stigma, racial attitudes

#0733 | Teaching While Black: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Impact of Racial Microaggressions on Black Faculty in Schools of Social Work

Michelle Alexander ¹

1 - Our Lady of the Lake University.

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Summary

AbstractRacial microaggression continues to inch its way into the fabric of American society and academia is not immune. The literature provided a noteworthy picture of the impact racial microaggression has had on faculty in education, psychology, sociology, and the STEM programs. This dissertation utilized an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and Thematic Analysis in order to understand the lived experiences of Black faculty in schools of social work across the United States.\ This study comprised of interviewing thirteen Black faculty who are currently professors at schools of social work in the South, Southeast, Northeast and Midwest. Each participant was asked nine semi-structured questions and fourteen demographic questions to better understand their experiences with racial microaggressions while working as a faculty member. Taking a IPA approach to each interview, the researcher gathered information through the lens of critical race theory and intersectionality.\ There were five overall themes that materialized during the analysis stage of this study: Themes of Behavior, Themes of Emotion, Themes of Coping, Themes of Avoidance, and Themes of Performative. The first three themes address the types of microaggressions inflicted on Black faculty, Black’s reaction to the microaggression, and how Black faculty cope with microaggressions. The last two themes address the perception of how schools of social work and universities address microaggressions that impact Black faculty in schools of social work.\ \ \ Keywords: Racial microaggression, interpretative phenomenological analysis, critical race theory, intersectionality, lived experiences, Black faculty, BIPOC, stereotyped, social work, and coping\

Keywords (separate with commas)

Keywords: Racial microaggression, interpretative phenomenological analysis, critical race theory, intersectionality, lived experiences, Black faculty, BIPOC, stereotyped, social work, and coping\

#0118 | Leadership Pathways: Black Women in Rural Non-profit Organizations, Developing an Intergenerational and Mentoring Model Centered on Black Women’s Collective Identity

Stephanie Washington ¹ ;

Bonita Sharma ² ;

Jose Carbajal ¹ ; Wilma Cordova ¹

1 - Stephen F. Austin State University. 2 - University of Texas at San Antonio.

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Summary

Aim: Black women have to overcome social and structural obstacles while advancing in their careers. They unjustly need additional attributes to navigate predominantly White environments that perceive Black women’s roles and responsibilities differently. This can be challenging when rising to leadership in rural organizations. Identifying discriminatory practices in social service organizations and the strategies that Black women use to rise to leadership positions could provide insight into finding empowerment strategies for professionals and pre-professionals alike. Our research attempts to understand experiences of Black women leaders in rural non-profit organizations using qualitative methods of inquiry and analysis. Objectives: We will present research that analyzes the lived experiences of Black women in the Southern rural U.S. who hold leadership positions, exploring their roles, expectations, and hardships, in order to answer the question, what are the expectations and hardships that Black Women experience in leadership roles? Outcomes: Our findings indicate Black women leaders in rural non-profit human service organizations face intersectional barriers related to both gender and age. These barriers result in discrimination and socially unjust workplaces that impact their leadership roles, their families, and their communities. Additionally, our study shows mentorship, commitment, and a strong faith-based support system help each participant build resilience throughout their careers in a service-driven leadership ideology grounded in faith, family, community support and collective Black identity. We will also explore the implications of these findings for creating human service organizations which empower minoritized women through mentoring programs, professional education, support, and building leadership networks. These should be done through training that encompasses collective identities of Black women, their rich social histories, faith, and family. Finally, we discuss how this research can assist human service agencies in building nondiscriminatory policies and practices that hinder leadership trajectories for minoritized women.

Keywords (separate with commas)

Black women, leadership, human service organizations, resilience, lived-experiences, challenges

#0128 | The Impact of Family Development on Women's Attainment of Leadership Roles

Lauren Ivy Sieja ¹ ;

Jose Carbajal ¹

1 - Stephen F Austin State University School of Social Work.

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#0652 | Self-reported health and wellbeing outcomes of pregnant young people in State care following engagement with trauma responsive service, My Place in South Australia.

Michelle Jones ¹ ; Tina Brodie ² ;

Helen McLaren ³ ; Jasmine Bishop ³ ; Kate Travers ⁴ ; Jane Regan ⁴ ; Laura Edney ³

1 - University of South Australia. 2 - SAHMRI. 3 - Flinders University. 4 - Yarrow Place, SA Health.

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#1181 | Are we as diverse as those we teach? Gender expression and diversity knowledge amongst Social Work Educators

Barbara Turnage ¹ ;

Vickie Harden ¹

1 - Middle Tennessee State University.

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Summary

\ Often, we, social workers, come into situations with minimal background information. We take with us our educational knowledge and our practicum experiences. In school, we learn how and when to apply various theories, modalities, and techniques. This application consists of understanding the biological, cultural, political, financial, and historical attributes that may be influencing the situation(s) impacting our clients. For this educational process to be effective, there is an expectation that our instructors have cutting-edge knowledge and/or experiences that will help shape our practice skills. For some educators, the consideration of gender expression and gender diversity may be new. Also new for these educators may be the national and international polices and cultural practices that confound gender expression.\ This workshop has two prongs. The first prong considers how a lack of gender expression and gender diversity knowledge may hinder educators when preparing practitioners. Considered is how the lack of knowledge for gender diversity may stifle students’ application of social work values to gender expressing and gender diverse client populations.\ \ The second prong of this workshop explores how one’s own gender expression impacts the teaching process. Highlighted are how external artifacts (clothes, jewelry, etc.) sometimes may misidentify one’s gender identity. Examined will be if, how, and when to use one’s personal gender story to support the educational process. Considered in this workshop is how the international expression and acceptance of gender identity varies. Also, instructors’ personal responsibility to students when discussing their own gender identity.\ Finally, emphasis will be placed on the importance of instructors educating our future social work practitioners, educators, and leaders to have a grasp of how national and international policies impact gender identity along with gender expression. These future social workers must be reminded of social work’s tenet of working with all who need our assistance.

Keywords (separate with commas)

gender, diversity, gender expression

#0683 | Prof Elizabeth Ivy Smit hereby wish to participate in the upcoming conference. I hereby submit an abstract for approval.

Elizabeth Smit ¹

1 - NWU.

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#1057 | Risk and resilience in a time of crisis: A model of the experiences of LGBTQ+ youth participating in a virtual group intervention during COVID-19

Shelley Craig ¹ ; Ashley Brooks ¹

1 - University of Toronto.

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